A qualitative or quantitative serological immunoassay measures the presence and/or level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against rubella virus in blood serum. These antibodies typically appear within 5 to 10 days of the onset of infection, peak within 1 to 2 weeks, and remain detectable for several weeks to a few months. Their presence is indicative of a recent or active infection and is crucial for diagnosis and evaluation during pregnancy.