Microscopic examination of peripheral blood sample performed to visualize and identify Plasmodium spp. parasites causing malaria directly. Involves preparation of thin and thick blood smears, staining with special dye (usually Giemsa). Examined under light microscope to identify parasite species (e.g., P. falciparum, P. vivax), life cycle stage, and infection density (percentage of infected cells). Considered gold standard for diagnosing active malaria.