The serum estradiol (E2) test measures the level of the first and most potent form of estrogen in the blood. It is produced primarily in the ovaries of women (from follicles), and in smaller amounts in the testes and adrenal glands of men, and in the placenta during pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in female sexual development, menstrual cycle regulation, bone health, metabolism, and vascular function. It is used to assess ovarian function, fertility, and endocrine disorders.