The casein test is an immunological assay that measures the level of IgG antibodies (and often IgA and IgM) directed against the casein protein in blood serum. Casein is the main protein in mammalian milk (making up 80% of cow's milk protein) and is one of the most common food allergens, especially in children. This test helps diagnose non-IgE-mediated allergy or intolerance.